The Stroop Effect Essay Example for Free

The Stroop Effect Essay The aim of the study was to investigate the extent that automatic tasks have an effect on the speed of saying the words. It was assumed that participants will take significantly longer to say colour words in a different colour to what the word is on a word list then when the colour word is in the same colour because reading a word has become an automatic process. The method of this study used a repeated measures and matched pairs design and involved giving participants a selection of six lists; three inconsistent with colour and the word and three consistently worded. The sampling method was opportunity sampling taken from a sampling body of 16-19 year old students at Richmond Upon Thames College. Results were tested using the Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test; this showed that there is a significant difference in the mean time taken to say the inconsistent list in comparison to the consistent list. However, environmental factors such as the noise of the surroundings have not been taken into account adding a major limitation to this study. Introduction The topic area I am going to study is attention, looking more specifically into automatic processing. Automatic processing is a concept in the area of attention that states that some tasks can be processed without the awareness of the person and dont interfere with the ability to process other tasks, for example someone who can type and talk to someone at the same time. This person can type without thinking about it; it has become an automatic process. Schiffrin and Schneider (1977) pioneered research in this area. They found that automatic processes are inflexible and hard to change i. e. once they are learnt it is difficult to alter them. Norman and Schallice (1986) argue that automatic tasks are preformed through schemas (a way of organising and storing knowledge, creates a framework for future understanding) and that when an action is preformed the relevant schema has to be used and the other, similar schema controlled using contention scheduling to stop similar schemas being activated. An example of this is if someone goes into a kitchen to make tea then the other schemas relevant to the kitchen, for example a toast making schema must be controlled using contention scheduling. Norman and Schallice also identified a supervisory attentional system which is when someone is controlling themselves consciously to override an automatic process. An example of this is when someone usually leaves their house and turns left to go to college but due to an appointment they have to turn right. Stroop (1935) also conducted research into automatic processes. He gave participants two lists and asked them to say the name of the colour the words were printed in one list was colour words in the same colour and the second was colour words in a different colour. Stroop found that when the colour words were in different colours the participant would take longer to read the colour of the word this is because the automatic process of reading is completed faster then the controlled process of identifying the colour. This research is being conducted to identify if it applied to students as because they are studying they may be more aware of the colour or the tasks at hand they in a performance mode. Aim: To investigate the effects of two similar tasks i. e. reading different coloured words on the speed of saying the words. Hypothesis-directional: Participants will take significantly longer to say colour words in a different colour to what the word is on a word list then when the colour word is in the same colour. Hypothesis-null: There will be no difference in the time taken for participants to say colour words in a different colour to what the word is on a word list then when the colour word is in the same colour. Methods Design The research will be carried out in a repeated measures design; participants will be exposed to both the conditions, each variable will be tested on the participant three times. This design however, suffers from order effects; once a participant has finished one list they will be ready or rehearsed for the next ergo be better at the next list. With this in mind, this research will be counter balanced, for example if participant A reads list 1 first then participant B will read list 2 first and so on. To ensure more valid results the participant will receive three lists from the inconsistent condition and three lists from the consistent condition. Investigator effects will be avoided by creating a set of standardised instructions; this will ensure that the researchers do not treat each participant differently creating less demand characteristics. This research could be considered unethical as the participant doesnt know what they are doing but this will be dealt with by a debriefing; after the experiment the participant will be told what the experiment is for the lack of informed consent will only cause minimal psychological harm. The hypothesis will only be accepted if the results show a level of significance over 5%; this has been chosen to make the results more generalisable and to avoid anomalies.

Extraction and Determination of Met and MHA

Extraction and Determination of Met and MHA Determination of Methionine and Methionine Hydroxy Analogue in the Forms of Free or Metal Chelates Contained in Feed Formulations by RP-HPLC M. Salahinejad,* F .Aflaki Abstract: Methionine is often the first or second limiting amino acid in most diets and so is most representative of amino acids fed as nutritional supplements. It commonly supplemented as DL-methionine or as methionine hydroxy analogue. A simple and rapid method for simultaneous extraction and determination of DL-methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue in forms of free or in forms of metal- chelates contained in feed samples is described. The sample extraction procedure was performed using HCl solution and heating in an autoclave or oven, which followed by the addition of EDTA and acetonitrile. Quantification and detection were carried out by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography on a NovaPak C18 column with ultraviolet detection at 214 nm. With a mobile phase consisted of 5% acetonitrile + 1.5% sodiumdihydrogenphosphate in water, the chromatographic run time were 6 min. The detection limit for DL-methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue were 2.33 and 5.46  µg mL− 1 andMAMwith the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was 4.4 and 7.3% (C = 10  µg mL−1, n = 5) respectively. The recoveries of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue in feed samples were > 97%. Keywords: Methionine hydroxy analogue, DL-methionine, Metal-chelates, Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) Introduction For optimum health and performance, the animals diets must contain adequate quantities of all nutrients needed, including amino acid. The essential amino acid furthest below the level needed to build protein is known as limiting amino acid. The shortage of limiting amino acid will constrain animal growth, reduce feed efficiency and in extreme cases cause a nutritional deficiency [1]. Methionine and lysine considered the most limiting amino acids in most animal diets. Supplementation of methionine may be accomplished by the addition of DL-methionine or the hydroxyl analogue of methionine (DL-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid) [2]. Fig. 1 represents the structures of DL-methionine (Met) and methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA). Organic forms like metal chelates of transition metal ions in particular Zinc (II), Copper (II) and Manganese (II) with amino acids and peptides are widely used in animal feeding as they appear to induce as faster growth and better resistance to various diseases in comparison with the simple inorganic salts [3]. It has been suggested that these effects are correlated with the improved metal bio-availability. The chelates are absorbed in the small intestine, possibly using transporters for amino acids small peptides [4]. Many forms of metal complexes with amino acid chelates and hydrolyzed proteins are commercially available, as metal amino acid chelates and complexed chelated (metal) proteinates (CCP) respectively [5-7]. The methionine hydroxyl analogue largely used in animal nutrition as a source of methionine, forms stable chelates with divalent metals of formula [{CH3SCH2CH2CHOHCOO}2 M].nH2O [8]. Several methods have been used for DL-methionine determination including ion exchange chromatography in combination with pre or post column derivatization [9] and amino acid analyzer [10]. These methods are not applicable to the determination of methionine hydroxy analogue because it contains ÃŽ ±-hydroxy instead of ÃŽ ±-amino group (Fig.1). Gas chromatography [10] electrophoresis [11] and high performance chromatography [12-14] were used for determination of MHA. (a) (b) Fig.1. Structures of (a) DL-methionine and (b) methionine hydroxy analogue. The use of so-called variant recipes in the production of industrial feeds causes that in practice the analyst encounters a differentiated and unknown composition of the so-called matrix, i.e. the elements of a feed mixture that in many cases made it hard to isolate and at times even make it impossible to mark MHA in the environment of a feed mixture [15]. Moreover the accurate determination of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue contained in the metallic chelates of feeds depended on complete releasing of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue from metals. The purpose of the paper was to develop and evaluate the method of simultaneous determination of MHA and Met in forms of free or in forms of chelates in compound feed samples. Material and Methods Apparatus Chromatographic determination were performed on a Waters Liquid Chromatograph which consisted of Waters 1525 Binary HPLC pump, Waters 2487 Dual ÃŽ » absorbance detector, Breeze data processing system and C18 NovaPack column. An adjustable rocker shaker (Cole- Parmer ® 60Hz) and a feed grinder to facilitate sample preparation were used. Reagents and standards The stock standard solution of Met and MHA was prepared weekly using DL- Methionine (extra pure, Merck) and Alimet (commercial name of the hydroxy-analogue of methionine containing 89.7% MHA in 0.1 N HCl respectively. All working solutions were prepared by diluting the stock standards as necessary. Deionized distilled water obtained from a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Milford, USA) was used for standard dilutions and other necessary preparations. All other chemicals such as NaH2PO4, extra pure; acetonitril, isocratic grade; EDTA (disodium salt) 99%, HCl 37%, orthophosphoric acid 85% and sodium hydroxyl, analytical reagent grade, were supplied by Merck. Sample preparation Aliquots of finely ground samples (mean particle size of 600  µm) containing 0.1 gr methionine hydroxy analogues (MHA) or 0.1 gr DL-methionine (Met) in forms of free or in forms of metal-chelates were added in 20 ml of 0.1 N HCl solution and heated in autoclave in steam flow in 120 oC for 5 min or in oven with 90 oC for 20 min. After cooling, by adding 20 ml of EDTA solution (10% W/V) and 5 ml of acetonitrile, the samples were shacked for 10 min and then solutions were filtered using 0.45  µm filter. Volume is filled to 100 ml with distilled water and a proportion of solution injected onto the HPLC column. Fig.2. Chromatogram of the extracted Met and MHA from feed. Chromatographic conditions Separation and quantitation of MHA and Met have been performed with reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The column was NovaPak C18 (150 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm, 5  µm) in ambient temperature. Samples were injected in volumes ranging from 5 to 20  µl using Rehodyne injector. The solvent system for separation of Met and MHA consisted of 5% acetonitrile + 1.5% NaH2PO4 in water. Using this isocratic mobile phase the chromatographic run time was 6 min. After this, a washing step was programmed to 40% acetonitrile in mobile phase so that any residual sample components would be cleaned from the column. The washing step was 5 min and column conditioned by primary mobile phase for 4 min prior the next injection. The flow rate, UV wavelength and detector attenuation used was respectively 1 ml min-1, 214 nm and 0.2 a.u.f.s. The amounts of MHA and Met contained in the samples were determined by interpolating the value of the peak area of calibration curves obtained by inject ing 5, 10, 15, 20 ÃŽ ¼l of mixed standard solution containing 200 mgr L-1 Met and 400 mgr L-1 MHA. The bulk standard was prepared weekly. Fig.2 shows a chromatogram which obtained by injection of the extracted sample solution. Statistical analysis In order to verify differences of effecting factors on extraction efficiency, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied with the level of significance set at 0.05. The SPSS statistical program (SPSS Inc, Illinois, USA) was used to perform all statistical calculations. Results Study of effective factors on extraction efficiency of Met and MHA The effect of various parameters such as temperature, heating time, the presence or absence of hydrochloric acid (variation of pH) and EDTA (as a strong ligand) in the recovery of the Met and MHA in the forms of free or metal-chelates were investigated. Table 1 shows the mean recovery of the Met and MHA in the forms of free or metal-chelates from compounded feed at 90 oC for 20 min in 0.1 N HCl and distilled water. Recovery tests were performed by adding known amounts of different forms of Met and MHA to a compounded feed which its basic elements was: maize, wheat bran, soybean ground grain, fish meal, plant oil, calcium phosphate, mineral vitamin premix. The recovery of free Met and MHA from compounded feed by distilled water was > 96%, while the recovery of Met and MHA from metal-chelate was 95%. Table 1 Mean recovery of the Met and MHA from compounded feed with distilled water and 0.1 N HCl solutions at 90 oC for 20 min. a: n = 4 Different temperatures (25-120 oC) in different period of times (5 min -3 hours) were examined to evaluation of the effects of temperature and heating time in the simultaneous extraction of Met and MHA in both forms. Based on extraction efficiency of the Met and MHA in the forms of free or metal-chelates, three conditions including: Autoclave (T: 120 oC, t: 5 min), Oven (T: 90 oC, t: 20 min) and Room temperature (t: 3 hours) were chosen. The effect of strong ligand such as EDTA on extraction of Met and MHA in forms of metal-chelate was investigated. Table 2 represents the mean recovery of the Met and MHA in forms of metal-chelate in different heating condition (different temperature and time) in the presence or absence of EDTA as a strong ligand. The results illustrated in Table 2 reveal that the extraction of the MHA from MHA metal-chelates in feed was about 94% with heating by autoclave in 120 oC for 5 min or oven at 90 oC for 20 min. By adding the EDTA solution to the samples the recovery of MHA from MHA metal-chelates become > 97%. The recovery of the Met was > 96% even in ambient temperature and ETDA do not show a considerable effect on the Met recovery from the feed. Table 2 Mean recovery of Met and MHA (0.1 N HCl solution) in three different conditions: Autoclave (T: 120 oC, t: 5 min), Oven (T: 90 oC, t: 20 min), Room temperature: (T: 27 oC, t: 3 hours) Analytical performance of the method Quality variables including the limit of detection (LOD) and precision, as the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.), were investigated to evaluate the analytical performance of the proposed method. According to the IUPAC identification [16] the limit of detection (LOD, 3ÃŽ ´) of the proposed method was 2.33 and 5.46  µg mL−1 for Met and MHA respectively. MAMwith The R.S.D. was 4.4 and 7.3% (C = 10  µg mL−1, n = 5) for Met and MHA respectively. Good linear relationships exist for peak area counts versus the amount of Met and MHA (Fig. 3). The regression equation for calibration curves for Met was Y = 209551x + 296453 with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9983 and for MHA was Y = 182603x + 294054with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9995 where Y is the peak area counts and x is the concentration (ppm) of analyte. Table 3 Recovery of Met or MHA from pure metal chelates complex. a: n = 4 Fig.3. Calibration curves for MHA and Met analysis. Method evaluation For evaluation of the described method, the recovery of Met or MHA from pure Met or MHA metal-chelates were determined (Table 3). The results show good agreement between the results of the mentioned method and the value which declared by the producers. The precision was determined by calculating the relative standard deviation of four analyses for each condition. The method also was applied for simultaneous extraction and determination of different forms of Met and MHA from compounded feed. As shown in Table 4, the obtained results prove a good agreement of the mean content of Met or MHA in mixtures with the declaration. Table 4 Simultaneous determination of different forms of Met and MHA from compounded feed. Table 5 Content of Met or MHA in the analyzed industrial feed mixtures (g/Kg). a: n = 4 In order to evaluate the effect of typical sample matrix, numerous industrial feed samples, which their Met or MHA content declared by the producer, originating from Iran, Germany, Italy and France was qualitatively examined. The results (Table 5) show a good agreement between the obtained mean content with the declaration of free or metal-chelate form of Met or MHA in industrial feed mixtures. Basing on the above results, the usefulness of the described method for determination of the Met and MHA in form of free or in forms of metal-chelates in feed mixtures can be stated. Discussion The solubility of DL-methionine in aqueous solutions increases 5-fold (176.0 Vs 33.8 g L-1) when temperature is increased from 25 to 100 oC [17,18]. Different temperatures (25-120 oC) in different period of times (5 min -3 hours) was examined to evaluation of the effects of temperature and heating time in simultaneous extraction of Met and MHA in free or metal-chelate forms. The temperature and the time of extraction have inverse effects on extraction efficiency of both analyts. When temperature increases, the time required for maximum extraction of both analyts decrease and vise versa. By performing analysis of variance (ANOVA) and student t-test between different conditions (different temperature and time) the three conditions: autoclave 120 oC for 5 min, oven 90 oC for 20 min and room temperature for 3 hours had no significant differences ( p > 0.05) in extraction efficiency of Met and MHA in free forms (as shown in Table 2). But extraction in room temperature significantly had lo wer recovery in metal-chelate form of Met and MHA. Therefore, for simultaneous extraction of Met and MHA in free or metal-chelate forms, the 90 oC for 20 min was chosen. pH can play a unique role on metal–chelate formation or releasing of metal from metal-chelates [19]. Experiments have shown DL- methionine extraction recoveries obtained with hydrochloric acid and with distilled water at ambient temperature are not statistically different [20]. Therefore the extraction of Met and MHA in free forms could be done with distilled water at 90 oC for 20 min. The application of this procedure to be unsuitable for extraction of Met and MHA contained in metallic chelates. As shown in Table 1, the extraction recovery of Met and MHA in metal-chelate forms with distilled water is significantly lower (p EDTA is a stronger ligand than MHA therefore it can form more stable complex with metals and it must affect on recovery of MHA. Therefore by adding EDTA solution to the samples the recovery of MHA (> 97%) from MHA metal-chelates were significantly higher, but this has no significant effect on Met extraction recovery. Conclusion A simple, rapid and reliable method for simultaneous extraction and determination of Met and MHA in forms of free or in forms of metal-chelates in feed samples has been developed. This method can be used for analysis of free methionine or methionine hydroxy analogue as well as their metal-chelate form, from industrial feed samples without any variation. It involves a simple procedure sample preparation using 0.1 N HCl solutions and heating in autoclave or oven, which followed by addition of EDTA and acetonitrile, and quantitation by an isocratic HPLC analysis on a C18 column. References: [1] M. Korhonen, A.Vanhatalo, P. Huhtanen, J.Driry.Sci., 85 (2002) 1533. [2] D.Hoehler, M. Rademacher, R. Mosenthin, Advances in pork production, 16 (2005) 109. [4] T. L. Stanton, D. Schutz, C. Swenson, Prof. Anim. Sci. 7 (2001) 101. [3] H.D. Ashmead, S.D. Ashmead, R.A. Samford, Intern.J.Appl.Res.Vet.Med.,2 (2004) 252. [5] C. E. Nockels, J. DeBonis, J. Torrent, J. Anim. Sci., 71 (1993 )2539. [6] H. T. Ballantine, , M. T. Socha, D. J. Tomlinson, A. B. Johnson, A. S. Fielding, J. K. Shearer, S. R.Amstel, Prof. Anim. Sci., 18 (2002) 211. [7Ú† [7] B.L. Creech, J.W.Spears, W.L. Flowers, G.M. Hill, K.E. Lioyd, T.A. Armestrong, T.E. Engle, J.Anim.Sci., 82 (2004) 2140. [8] S. Ferruzza., G. Leonardi., E.Cinti., M.Tegoni., J. Inorg. Biochem., 95 (2003) 221. [9] W. Baeyens, J. Bruggeman, C. Dewaele, B. Lin, K. Imai., 5 (2005) 13. [10] C. Aoyama , T. Santa *, M. Tsunoda , T. Fukushima, C. Kitada , Ka. Imai., Bio.Med.Chromatogr., 18 ( ) 630. [11] A.P. Solomonova, J.S. Kamentsev, N.V. Komarova, J. Chromatogr. B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 800 (2004) 135. [12] A. Baudicheau ,J. Sci. Food Agric., 38 (1987) 1. [13] D. Wauters., J. De mol, L. Temmerman., J. Chromatogr. A,516 (1990) 375. [14] D. Balschukat, E. Kress, E. Tanner., Landwirtsch. Forsch., 41 (1988) 120. [15] S. Maytyka, J. Rubaj, W. Korol, G. Bielecka, 9 (2006) 1. [16] G. L. Long, J.D. Winefordner, Anal. Chem. 55, (1983) 713A-724A. [17] R.C. Weast (Editor), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 69th ed. (1988). [18] Merk Index, Merck, Rahway, NJ, 10th ed. (1983). [19] T.E. Brown, L.K. Zeringue, J. Dairy Sci. 77, (1994)181–187. [20] L. Yang, R.E. Sturgeon, S. McSheehy, Z. Mester, J. Chromatogr. A 1055, (2004) 177-184.

Using Big Data to Defend Against Cyber Threats

Using Big Data to Defend Against Cyber Threats Abstract In todays world, there are petabytes of data being moved by the minute, that data is analyzed and algorithms are developed so companies can critique and improve their services, ultimately increasing their profit, this is called BIG DATA. Majority of the being moved holds critical information such as social security numbers, health information, locations, passwords and more. When data is compromised BILLIONS of dollars are at risk, affecting the companys integrity and the people who data is stolen livelihood, the security of big data is vital to a companys present and future success. Big data is the large volume data which is difficult in processing through traditional method. Security and privacy for big data as well as Big Data management and analytics are important for cyber security. As the field of Cyber Security is increasingly becoming more and more in demand every day, big data is being pushed to the forefront rapidly for big businesses. Big datas main role is to mine and analyze large sets of data to find behavioral trends and common patterns. From a cyber security perspective, I feel as though big data has ushered in a new wave of possibilities in regards to analytics and provided security solutions to prevent and protect data from future cyber-attacks. I have cyphered through large amounts text in regards to big datas effectiveness. It is important to understand its effectiveness to better help companies both utilize and protect its data from cyber criminals. The break-out participants pointed out that Big Data analysis for cyber security is for malici ous adversary that can launch attacks to avoid being detected. The Privacy preserving biometric authentication must be secured and biometrics represent sensitive information that needs to be strongly protected. Big Data analysis for Preventing cyber-attacks is vital important in security and data management. Enforcing access control policies in big data stores is very important approach to secure the big data. Keywords: Network Protection, Analytics, and Analysis Introduction Big data is key to the evolution of technology, it is used to improve the services companies provide by developing algorithms through analyzation of each users data. An example of big data would be the popular social media application Instagram. Every user has access to an explore page, that explore page is based off the pictures each user likes, comments on or may have in common with a follower. This small action, improves the experience of the user and increases the time the user uses that application, ultimately bringing in more money. Big data is continuing to be used on bigger platforms including financial services, health services, weather, politics, sports, science and research, automobiles, real estate, and now cyber security. An important way to monitor your network is to set up a big data analysis program. Big data analysis is the process of examining large data sets to uncover hidden patterns, unknown correlations, market trends, customer preferences and other useful busin ess information. So with our topic being how big data analytics can prevent cyber-attack, its a pretty simple answer that knowing what data is traveling on your network can help prevent a cyber-attack by helping you to track everything that comes onto the network where you can decide if it make be harmful or not. This research will show just how simple it is to recognize unfamiliar data in your network and track where each piece of data goes. Big data is high-volume, high-velocity and high-variety information assets. Big data are collected through social networking, cell phones, interacting web application. Billions of bytes of data are collected through various medium every minutes. Big data demands cost-effective, innovative forms of information processing for enhanced insight and decision making. There is always issue on the storage and processing these large data set. Storage, management and analysis of large quantities of data also result in security and privacy violations. Privacy and security have compromised while storing, managing and analyzing the large quantities of large data. When dealing with big data, it is necessary to maintain the well balance approach towards regulations and analytics. (http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1097/STIDS2013_P1_JanssenGrady.pdf) Data management and analytical techniques can be used to solve security problems. The massive amounts of data are being collected and this data has to be analyzed to defend cyber-attacks. There are issues on security and privacy for big data, data management and analytics to secure the data. Big Data is major in database management. There are many data communities that they are developing large data and its solutions for efficiently managing and analyzing large sets of data. Big Data research and development need to do in academic, industrial and government research labs to protect it. Cloud data management include malware detection, insider threat detection, intrusion detection, and spam filtering. There needs more attention in security and privacy considerations for Big Data including systems, data and networks. Big organization or government agency who are the big data collector need to come together to develop solutions for Big Data security and privacy. The big data privacy, integrity and trust policies need to examine inside the context of Big Data security. The collection and mining data concerning user activities and travel can be used to find out across geographical areas like knowing the originated of the any disease that outbreak. The collection on the social media, posting videos and photos and status can help to recognize to any criminal or terrorist activities. There are many other domains and data technologies play the major role in strengthening security. The break-out participants pointed out that Big Data analysis for cyber security needs to deal with adaptive, malicious adversary that can potentially launch attacks to avoid being detected. The denial of information attacks is one of the attack that has to be considered as big threat for data privacy. Big data analysis for cyber security need to operate in high volume like data coming from multiple intrusion detection systems and sensors and high noise environments, changing normal system usage data is mixed with stealth advanced persistent threat related data. Big data analytical tools that can integrate data from host, network, social networks, bug reports, mobile devices, and internet of things sensors to detect attacks. The biometric authentication must be secured. The authentication requires recording biometrics of users and used for matching with templates provided by users at authentication time. Templates of user biometrics represent sensitive information that needs to be strongly protected. In the different environments in which users have to interact with many different service providers have to interact by applying hashing security technique. Today, cyber threat is increasing because existing security measure systems are not capable of detecting them. Previously, attacks had simpleton aim to attack or destroy the system. However, the destination of Holocene epoch hacking onrush has changed from leaking selective information and demolition of services to attacking large-scale systems such as critical substructure and state authority. Existing defense reaction applied science to detect these tone-beginning are based on pattern matching method acting which are very limited. To defend against these stranger attacks. Researchers can propose a new simulation based on big data analysis technique that can extract information to detect future attacks. This author state Within the last few 4 sentiency of twelvemonth, Network Behavior Analysis (NBA) has been one of these emerging technologies that have been sell as a security direction tool to improve the current network surety status. The briny focusing of NBA is to proctor inbound and outbound dealings associated with the network to ensure that nothing is getting into the host, package, and application political program systems which helps enhance the overall security measuring section of the network at all story ( Anand, T). It is stated that approximately 25 % of large endeavor systems will be using NBA by 2011. First, the model has little proactive capableness posture toward preventing any security incident because the architecture is material body with technologies that discover most security events in progression while it misses opportunities to detect and firmness other small menace before it become problems job for the network. Enforcing access control policies in big data stores is to secure the data storage. Some of the recent Big Data systems allow its users to submit arbitrary jobs using programming languages. This creates challenges to enforce fine grained access control efficiently for different users. To control such challenge there need to apply how to efficiently enforce such policies in recently developed Big Data stores. Big Data analysis for Preventing Cyber Attacks is vital important in security and data management. Big Data analysis systems that can easily track sensitive data using the capture provenance information can potentially detect sensitive information goes in the hackers hand. Building the provenance aware Big data analysis systems is needed for cyberattack prevention. The big data tool is for cyber security can potentially mine useful attacker motivations, technical capabilities, and modus to prevent future attacks. At the point when managing security issues in the present civil argument encompassing enormous information investigation, the feeling that one may frequently accumulate is that we are within the sight of a contention between positions which cant without much of a stretch be accommodated. It is as though protection were an obstacle to development spoke to by the open doors offered by big data, a weight originating from the past. Then again as though big data will bring the end of protection, an inescapable infringement of the private circle for mechanical advancement. We tend to be skeptical on this thought of a contention and, rather, we feel this is just history rehashing itself, like each time an innovation move happens, particularly at its initial stage. Toward the end, it is every one of an innocent encounter between the individuals who just observe the rankles and the individuals who just see the advantages. The story however is considerably more perplexing and, over the time, t hese prerequisites cant fit in clichà © plans. To state it in an unexpected way: big data investigation is digging in for the long haul, and additionally security. The objective of this part is to blueprint how the innovative capacity to remove esteem from information for cutting edge society and the control over it, which is exemplified by security standards, can succeed together. Understanding Infrastructure The more data security experts must analyze, the better they can understand the infrastructure of a complex network. The big network attacks of recent memory are analyzed on a big data scale This shows analyst, how to improve the design of the networks infrastructure and implement security tools to negate cyber-attacks. The more secure and sound the foundation of a network is the less likely data would be compromised. Understanding Hackers Big data is also being used to pinpoint which hacker is guilty of committing the cyber-attack. Security experts can analyze attacks and connect the hackers habits or routines when they attack a network. Cyber experts can react quickly and perform efficiently when theyre familiar with a hackers routine, possibly tracking the hackers actions and possibly finding the location of the hacker. In addition, by using big data, security experts are also able to find hackers through different social media platforms such as, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and many other forums that may be a site where other hackers may reside. Hacking has leaked personal selective information or were done for just fame, but recent hacking targets fellowship, administration agencies. This variety of attempt is commonly called APT (Advanced Persistent Threat). APT attack is a special kind of onslaught that use mixer engineering, zero-Day picture and other techniques to penetrate the target scheme and persistently collect valuable entropy. It can give massive impairment to national agencies or initiative. Another author states An advanced persistent threat (APT) uses multiple forms to break into a network, avoid detection, and harvest valuable information over the long full term. This info-graphic particular s the attack phases, methods, and need that differentiate APTs from other targeted approach (Siegel, J. E.). Security system of pattern for spotting and security measure system of rules against cyber-onrush are firewalls, trespass detection arrangement, encroachment bar system, anti -viruses answer , data base encryption, DRM solutions etc. Moreover, integrated monitoring technologies for managing system log are used. These security department solutions are developed based on signature. Per various reports, trespass detection systems and intrusion bar systems are not capable of defending against APT onset because there are no signature tune. Therefore, to overcome this issue, security expert is offset to apply data minelaying technologies to detect previously targeted attacks. We propose a new exemplar based on big data analysis technology to prevent and detect previously unknown APT attacks. APT attack is usually done in four steps: intrusion, searching, collection and attack. Figure one describes the attack procedure in detail. Development of Security Tools Hackers can develop complex tools that can find vulnerabilities in a network. By way of big data, cyber experts can develop tools to counter the hacker, aiding security experts in compliance reporting, monitoring, alerting and overall management of complex systems. A big data analytical tool a lot of companies are becoming familiar with is Lumify. Lumify Lumify is an open source tool that creates a visualization platform for analysis of big data, including 2D and 3D graph visualizations, full-text search, complex histograms, interactive geographic maps, and collaborative workspaces. Search Results The user can upload their own personal data or begin with a search with a built-in search engine. The search engine can find artifacts such as documents, images, and videos or entities, which are individual terms pulled out of the artifacts by an analyst during the data extraction process. The data can also be edited to fit a specific search by using Lumifys built in filters, decreasing the amount of data that is unusable for this specific search (pictured below). After the search results are found the user can use the graphic visualization tool. Graphic Visualization Analysis of big data can be complex, terabytes of data is combed through, in attempts to connect a common interest. Lumify makes the process of analyzation easier through graphic visualization. After the search is complete (shown above), the user can place the results on the graph through drag and drop. The user then can click on the results and load all related items or related items of a certain type, creating a relationship between the entities. The relationship between the entities can be created or Lumify can find a common interest. Map Integration When loading data/entity in Lumify the data/entity can be connected to a geographical location, any entity/data that has a location, the location symbol will be seen next to the entity (pictured below). In the top left-hand corner of the (pictured below) the user can click the location menu and the global map will appear with the locations associated with the entities that were previously loaded. The user than can load data within a radius of the entity location and click to see results that relate to the location of your entity. The map and visual are fully compatible with each other, meaning whatever you do in one area of the database, the other tool is updated with the latest data. Lumify can be the leading BIG DATA analytical tool on the market because of its ability to display BIG DATA visually. Conclusion The chances of cyber-attacks increase daily because of a dependency on the internet to achieve daily task, per Susan OBrien of Datameer, 99 percent of computers are vulnerable to attacks, nearly 1 million malware threats are released daily, and the estimated cost of cyber-crimes average a BILLION dollars!! Big data has already produced positive results in its efforts to dwarf cyber threats, per security website HELPNETSECURITY federal agencies that effectively use big data analytics see improvements in cybersecurity. In fact, 84 percent of big data users say their agency has successfully used big data analytics to thwart a cybersecurity attack and 90 percent have seen a decline in security breaches malware (50 percent), insider threats (47 percent), and social engineering (46 percent) because of using big data analytics. Evolving cyber threats demand a new generation of cyber tactics, big data is leading the way in making the internet and the world a safer place. We now live in the era of Big Data. Whether we like it or not, companies are regularly collecting reams of information about us as we go about our daily lives. They are tracking us as we visit web sites. They also tracking while we are walking around stores, and as we purchasing products. While some of the information may be mundane, some of it can be highly sensitive, including very specific details about our finances and our health status. To protect the data of our life there always challenging for big organization and government agency. Big data is high-volume, high-velocity and high-variety information assets and demands cost-effective, innovative forms of information processing for enhanced insight and decision making. Variability is in the data flows velocity, which has cost-effectiveness and that leads to the producing of additional processors in cloud systems to handle the load which increases. The log data that are from devices flows into systems, the change and analysis can be done before the curation of data into persistent storage. Volume is the characteristic of the data set and identification of the big data. The cyber must also deal with a richer set of attributes for the resources which adds in a variety of other contextual datasets into the analysis. Variety is the Big Data attribute. This attribute enables most sophisticated cyber analytics. The mechanism is required to bring multiple and highly diverse datasets in scalable way. The security can be obtained through a controlled metadata. We now live in the era of Big Data, whether we like it or not, companies are regularly collecting reams of information about us as we go about our daily lives, details about our finances and our health status. Ontologies for metadata helps to find out that is already existed, encompassing resources and attack event ontologies. Ontology for metadata is for browsing and querying metadata. The ontology representations of the facts are full confidence in the data being described. While this metadata could be browsed manually, the real value comes if it can be actionable; such that selections over the metadata ontology would automatically construct queries to the Big Data Machine learning technique the best to technique to protect big data. Government also has to take serious action about how the big data have to handle to protect the personal information. So any big data collector or government agency have to take further step to protect the privacy of citizen. References OBrien, S. (2016, May 05). Challenges to Cyber Security How Big Data Analytics Can Help. Retrieved October 27, 2016, from https://datameer-wp-production-origin.datameer.com/company/datameer-blog/challenges-to-cyber-security-and-how-big-data-analytics-can-help/ Big Data to Fight Crime. (2015, June 10). Retrieved October 27, 2016, from https://www.promptcloud.com/big-data-to-fight-cyber-crime/ (2016, August 30). Retrieved October 27, 2016, from https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2016/08/30/feds-big-data-analytics-cybersecurity/ Lumify Documentation. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2016, from http://lumify.io/docs/ Siegel, J. E. (2016). Data proxies, the cognitive layer, and application locality: enablers of cloud- connected vehicles and next-generation internet of things (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). http://csi.utdallas.edu/events/NSF/NSF-workhop-Big-Data-SP-Feb9-2015_FINAL.pdf http://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Gaddam-Securing-Your-Big-Data-Environment-wp.pdf ceur-ws.org/Vol-1097/STIDS2013_P1_JanssenGrady.pdf

touch senses :: essays research papers

The skin contains numerous sensory receptors which receive information from the outside environment. The sensory receptors of the skin are concerned with at least five different senses: pain, heat, cold, touch, and pressure. The five are usually grouped together as the single sense of touch in the classification of the five senses of the whole human body. The sensory receptors vary greatly in terms of structure. For example, while pain receptors are simply unmyelinated terminal branches of neurons, touch receptors form neuronal fiber nets around the base of hairs and deep pressure receptors consist of nerve endings encapsulated by specialized connective tissues. Receptors also vary in terms of abundance relative to each other. For example, there are far more pain receptors than cold receptors in the body. Finally, receptors vary in terms of the concentration of their distribution over the surface of the body, the fingertips having far more touch receptors than the skin of the back. Other types of receptors located throughout the whole body, including proprioceptive receptors and visceral receptors, receive information about the body's internal environment. Proprioceptive or stretch receptors, located in muscles and tendons, sense changes in the length and tension of muscles and tendons and help to inform the central nervous system of the position and movement of the various parts of the body. Each stretch receptor consists of specialized muscle fibers and the terminal branches of sensor neurons. The muscle fibers and sensor neuron endings are very closely associated and are encased in a sheath of connective tissue. Visceral receptors monitor the conditions of the internal organs. Most responses to their stimulation by an organ are carried out by the autonomic system. Several visceral sensors, however, produce conscious sensations such as nausea, thirst, and hunger. Touch Receptors are the nerves cells that tell your brain about tactile sensations. There are several types of touch receptors, but they can be divided into two groups. Mechanoreceptors that give the sensations of pushing, pulling or movement, and thermoreceptors that tell you about sensations of temperature. The mechanoreceptors contain the most types of touch receptors. Free nerve endings inform the brain about pain, and they are located over the entire body. Located in the deep layers of dermis in both hairy and glabrous skin, the pacinian corpuscles detect pressure, telling the brain when a limb has moved. After the brain has told a limb, such as an arm, to move, the pacinian corpuscles tells the brain that that limb has actually moved into the correct position. touch senses :: essays research papers The skin contains numerous sensory receptors which receive information from the outside environment. The sensory receptors of the skin are concerned with at least five different senses: pain, heat, cold, touch, and pressure. The five are usually grouped together as the single sense of touch in the classification of the five senses of the whole human body. The sensory receptors vary greatly in terms of structure. For example, while pain receptors are simply unmyelinated terminal branches of neurons, touch receptors form neuronal fiber nets around the base of hairs and deep pressure receptors consist of nerve endings encapsulated by specialized connective tissues. Receptors also vary in terms of abundance relative to each other. For example, there are far more pain receptors than cold receptors in the body. Finally, receptors vary in terms of the concentration of their distribution over the surface of the body, the fingertips having far more touch receptors than the skin of the back. Other types of receptors located throughout the whole body, including proprioceptive receptors and visceral receptors, receive information about the body's internal environment. Proprioceptive or stretch receptors, located in muscles and tendons, sense changes in the length and tension of muscles and tendons and help to inform the central nervous system of the position and movement of the various parts of the body. Each stretch receptor consists of specialized muscle fibers and the terminal branches of sensor neurons. The muscle fibers and sensor neuron endings are very closely associated and are encased in a sheath of connective tissue. Visceral receptors monitor the conditions of the internal organs. Most responses to their stimulation by an organ are carried out by the autonomic system. Several visceral sensors, however, produce conscious sensations such as nausea, thirst, and hunger. Touch Receptors are the nerves cells that tell your brain about tactile sensations. There are several types of touch receptors, but they can be divided into two groups. Mechanoreceptors that give the sensations of pushing, pulling or movement, and thermoreceptors that tell you about sensations of temperature. The mechanoreceptors contain the most types of touch receptors. Free nerve endings inform the brain about pain, and they are located over the entire body. Located in the deep layers of dermis in both hairy and glabrous skin, the pacinian corpuscles detect pressure, telling the brain when a limb has moved. After the brain has told a limb, such as an arm, to move, the pacinian corpuscles tells the brain that that limb has actually moved into the correct position.

Clifford Olson: Canadian Serial Killer Essay -- Biography Biographies

Clifford Olson: Canadian Serial Killer Clifford Olson is one of Canada's well known serial killers. He showed no sign of sympathy for the public all throughout his life and would eventually end up killing many innocent people and spending a good portion of his life in jail. Clifford Olson was born on January 1st 1940, in Vancouver, British Columbia. While he was growing up he was always in trouble. Even as a child in school her was referred to as a bully and not a nice kid. Then as he grew up things didn't change for the better the just got worse. As a teenager and young adult Olson found himself in trouble with the law quite frequently. From the year of 1951 to 1981 ( ages 17-21) he had 94 arrests. He was put in jail for some of them and served time for cries ranging from fraud to armed robbery. While in prison Olson was known for two things. One was for being a homosexual rapist and the second was for being a snitch, and helping out the police. Olson helped the police by getting his friend named Garry Marcoux (also in jail), to give a detailed description and confession to raping and mutilating a nine year old girl. Somehow Olson was able to get Marcoux to write down his confession. Olson them gave this to police and it was used to convict Marcoux of that crime. Once Olson had served his time and was released he went to live with the mother of is son. One would have thought that he had learned his lesson and would try to turn his life around. However very unfortunately that was not the case. In November of 1980 A young girl, 12 years old, named Christine Weller went missing. She would later prove to be one of Olson's first murder victims. Christine was abducted from her home in Surrey, BC. Her mutilated body ... ...ack of his van, police found an address book containing the name of Judy Kozma. Along with this and other evidence the police were able to charge Clifford Olson with the murder of Judy Kozma 6 days later. Olson knew that he was going to be put back in jail and was suspected on some of the other murders that he had committed.. So Olson made a deal with the prosecution. In his deal Olson' s family, (wife and son) were to be paid $10,000 for each of his victims. This was very controversial. In exchange Olson would provide the information on the known murders and gave the police direction to 6 outstanding bodies. Olson kept his part of the deal and so did the prosecution. The money was paid to Olson's family on schedule. On January 11th 1982, Clifford Olson pleaded guilty to 11 counts of murder. For this he was sentenced to 11 concurrent life terms in prison.

Poems of Edgar Allan Poe Essay

A tell-tale heart – essay The gradual descent into insanity is a common characteristic of Edgar Allan Poe as an auteur. This being one of Poe’s shortest stories separates itself from his other literature as it draws its focus onto the irony of the stalking, and confession of the murder of an old man. ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ explores the mind of a mentally unstable and delusional individual on his descent to madness. In doing so the short story touches upon the contrasts between the rational and irrational. The ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ presents two physical settings. It is clear from the narrator’s perspective that there is a change of setting. â€Å"Observe how healthily – how calmly I can tell you the whole story†, the narrator then continues, â€Å"It is impossible to say how first the idea entered my brain†. This passage indicates that the story that is narrated, is told in retrospect. The passage can be interpreted as being the narrator attempting to justify his murder and convince the reader that he is not mad as he can tell the story calmly and sanely. The passage can also be perceived as being directed towards the police officers that are introduced at the end of the story. In doing so the narrator might also try to convince the police officers that his deed was justified and necessary. The theme of insanity is shown through the narrators descend into madness. The narrator states that â€Å"very gradually – I made up my mind to take the life of the old man† which marks the beginning of his descent. It is made clear to the recipient of the story that the narrator believes he is sagacious in his lurking. However, the narration gives the impression that he is a madman. The narrator says â€Å"I undid the lantern cautiously-oh, so cautiously – cautiously† and also says â€Å"I kept pushing it on steadily, steadily† and â€Å"you cannot imagine how stealthily, stealthily†. The narrator’s reiterations present a sort of vocal tic which adds to his characteristic of being mentally unstable and mad. The story explores the contrasts between the rational and irrational. The theme of rationality is shown through the narrator’s attempts to rationalize his actions. The premise of the narrator’s suffocation of the old man is the ‘evil eye’ he has. Whenever the narrator gazes at the â€Å"dull blue† eye he experiences chills through â€Å"the very marrow† in his bones. This suggests that the old man’s eye terrifies him. It does, however, seem very unlikely that the old man has an inhuman eye â€Å"no human eye – not even his†. The rational explanation for the appearance of the eye that the narrator is fixated about, is that the old man is suffering from cataract. The disease bears a close resemblance to the eye of a vulture. This is proven by the narrator’s very similar description of the eye’s â€Å"pale blue, with a film over it† and â€Å"a dull blue, with a hideous veil†. This can also explain why the old man is never woken up or is disturbed by having the light shone into his â€Å"evil eye†. This is because he might be lacking vision in one eye. The narrator attempts to convince the reader that he is cunning and wise when observing the old man in his bed. The narrator’s irrational nature is emphasized in this passage where he very slowly enters the bedroom with only his head and lantern â€Å"It took me an hour to place my whole head within the opening so far that I could see him as he lay upon his bed†. The use of irony in the short story adds to the narrator’s complete unawareness of his own instability expressed through his lack of rational perception. The narrator contradicts himself implicitly. He states that he â€Å"loved the old man† and that â€Å"he had never wronged me†. This implies that he had no quarrels with the old man and therefore had no motivation for murdering him. He then contradicts himself by being excited by the old man’s â€Å"uncontrollable terror†. The theme of irony is also shown when the narrator hears the old man’s â€Å"groan of mortal terror† and recognizes the feeling. The narrator â€Å"knew the sound well†, he had experienced them himself being â€Å"welled up from my own bosom, deepening, with its dreadful echo, the terrors that distracted me†. This can be interpreted as the narrator explaining that he suffers from terrors which indicates that he has been or is feeling fear to the marrow of his bones and has experienced something horrific. This is also supported by the symbolism of the narrator burying the old man underneath the floorboards, which can be interpreted as him repressing his emotions and hiding them and then eventually being welled up when he confesses the murder. However, it is vaguely explained and remains a mystery to the readers. This corresponds well with the characteristic of the narrator which is only described implicitly. The narrator’s gender is not revealed. This might be because the gender of the narrator is not important to the story and that Edgar Allan Poe has written the story in such a way that the common reader assumes the gender of the narrator to be male. The most prominent ironic situation is the narrator’s own sagaciousness and over-acuteness that end up being the reasons for his confession to the police officers. His own hypersensitivity betrays him. This also supports his irrationality as he had confirmed the death of the old man when he felt his heart. He is however still convinced that the beating heart belongs to the â€Å"stone dead† man. This also shows his descent into madness as he perceives the noise as being a ringing in his ears, but then convinces himself that it is â€Å"the beating† of the old man’s â€Å"hideous heart†. He contradicts himself in this passage where he has previously described himself as cunning but is unable to correctly identify the source of the beating heart. ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ is a story that largely focuses on the inability of the narrator to judge his own state of sanity. This is further supported by the narrator frequently being deceived by his own senses and even contradicting himself which diminishes his reliability. The topic of repressed emotions and the border between sanity and insanity is addressed by interpreting the narrator’s behavior and actions. This determines that the narrator is indeed a madman.

How We Define Ourselves as Humans

How do we define ourselves as Humans? Name: Instructor or Class: September 10, 2009 This paper discusses what it means to be human, and the importance of the human’s responsibilities in life. It is important to fulfill the responsibilities as humans, and to explore all of the options and possibilities that the human’s short life has to hold. Plato saw man's true nature as rational and believed that civilized society must be organized, and civilized life conducted according to rational principles. Plato and Russell stated that to be human is to wonder and explore the intellectual possibilities of life. I believe that this is the correct philosophy on life, and the human race should wish to explore all of their intellectual possibilities and responsibilities. Plato once said, â€Å"Human behavior flows from three main sources: desire, emotion, and knowledge. † It is essential to understand why humans are here on earth, and what their responsibilities are. Humans desire to be healthy, happy and to have freedom. Russell said â€Å"happiness of mankind  should be the aim of all actions†. Humans use their emotions to express ones desire and to show others what they want and who they are. Humans use knowledge to live out their life goals and fulfill their responsibilities. I believe that Plato and Russell were correct in their statement, because to be human should be to explore all the possibilities that there are in the world. What would the world be if we did not try to understand life, and to make the most of oneself? Since the beginning of civilization, man has always been provoked and motivated by the need to make progress and development. This necessity has led to great advancement in technology and how the human race lives day to day. If humans did not have this motivation, they might all be cavemen living outdoors hunting for food and water. What would the earth be like if Thomas Edison was no motivated to create the light bulb? What would the world be like if people did not have the motivation to develop our basic necessities of everyday life? The â€Å"what if† questions could be endless in this topic, but the main explanation here is that humans have the need and responsibility to develop. Humans were made to wonder and explore life. The possible objections to Plato and Russell’s theory would be that humans are to live life under restrictions and follow what we are told to do. Some may say that the consequences of human actions may deplete our resources and kill off the human race. My rebuttal for this, is what if humans did not try? If someone did not try to make the world the best and strive for the best, humans might not have survived as long as they have. It is possible that without the technology that they have explored and created, the human race would not have made it this far and become extinct. For the people who strictly believe that the other philosopher’s statements that the instructor has allowed us to view are the only form of truth, are forcing humans to limitations. They say that humans must follow moderation and live to duty, which forms some truth, but not all. Humans have never or will never force themselves to limitations, because if they did people would have never created the vast life forms that they have. Humanity would possibly be without power, without running water, and without other every day necessities if they would have restricted themselves to moderation. This is common in third world countries that have not organized and developed themselves as far as the United States and other first world countries. People of the world have obviously agreed to this philosophy with or without knowing, because look at how the lives that they have developed as humans. Humans live day to day full of technology and necessities because the people of their ancestry have explored all of their intellectual possibilities and are striving to do more. In conclusion to Plato and Russell’s philosophy I would like to add that I feel that being a human means to live life to its fullest, be happy, healthy and find unconditional love. To find all of these qualities, the human race has to have wisdom and knowledge. It takes time to fulfill life’s goals and responsibilities, but as Plato once said, â€Å"Never discourage anyone who continually makes progress, no matter how slow. † I feel that over time the definition being humans will change, yet the one part that will stay the same is that humans will always strive for excellence to find happy, healthy lives.